In 1982, the United States, the famous "Time" magazine to a machine named the annual newsmakers. As we all know, can show his face on the cover of this magazine, and is usually a world-leading figure. For example, Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China's reform and opening up the photo, once in 1987 on the cover of the magazine. The writer of this weekly news in 1982 introduced "people" when enthusiastically wrote:. .
"In a year in the news, this is a fascinating topic, it represents a process, a kind of continuous development and is widely accepted and welcomed the process. This is why the "time" in a volatile world chose a Newsmaker so a bit, but this is not a character, but rather a machine. ”。.
This machine, is the personal computer, August 12, 1981 IBM PC, the birth of, 28 years ago. .
28 years like fleeting show, PC computer commence rolling smoke will continue for the 21st century, continue to influence the human history of the development process. Around the struggle for supremacy of PC, the computer industry is like entering the "Warring States" period, the Kings of the road, relying on a pending "after you" will debut an wits drama that has not yet seen the final outcome of a foregone conclusion.
# 1 1, IBM operations "Checkers." .
Late 1970s, the computer world is overwhelming, the microcomputer's banner call Lala plug around the United States of America. All sides are spread a resounding names — the "Apple" (Apple). This was in the garage of the Corporation along with its production of "student toys", IBM had even eyes won't go past glanced at a glance. Who knows of only three or five years, media coverage of Apple Ⅱ PC sales have been to Blue dumbfounded, could not believe his eyes: in 1978 15 million U.S. dollars, 70 million U.S. dollars in 1979, 1980 117 million U.S. dollars, 1981, 3 35 billion, 583 million U.S. dollars in 1982.Over the past five years, Apple mini computer company to enter the United States the happiness magazine 500 company, the "bad boy" Steve Jobs (S.Jobs) actually dare to man, in a time magazine cover the missing column mouth snicker, like IBM's incompetence with ridicule.
On Big Blue, this is a shock wave caused by the shock seemed to be more intense and more intolerable. Those bragging of "child" who go too far. It is said that in hundreds of "garage company" has actually had a company for their "crowned" as the "IBM" company. Even so, the genuine grievances of IBM only strong swallow stomach, and it simply can not court, because the company is "small machinery company", initials also happen to I-B-M. .
After several years of watching and wandering, IBM can no longer sit by and do not ask, is a major presence in the areas of computer time, the United States, strength of the most powerful one of the Giants, the annual turnover of up to $ 28 billion, equivalent to a middle-income country by the gross national product. Glance over half of 1980, Frank · Kali (Frank Cary) convened a meeting of the company's senior advisory counsel. This bit from Stanford University with a master's degree in economy and management, small Watson, Lee served as company President after Poulsen, the helm at IBM. The meeting was proposed acquisition of Atari Inc. IBM should be the most convincing evidence is that Atari game company in addition to, but also has a production capacity of micro-computer. Bought Atari, IBM micro-computers have to worry that can not be quickly reached the territory. .
"Atari computers is the best" mini-computer? Cali confused and ask questions.
"No, the best of the microcomputer also fail to get Atari.". .
"Then, America's best what brand of computer?".
"Of course, Apple. However," Cali answered questions of people muttered, "Apple's high noon, IBM can not do buy the company.". .
"Why IBM cannot develop their own micro-computer?" another person on the Cali says, "our strength, our own chip design, specifications, manufacturing all software and hardware development, just like the 360 system as an Apple which is our opponents!".
Kali shook her head slightly, not mute, his eyes fixed on the laboratory director Bierluyi (Bill Lowe) body. Louis stood up, facing the participants said: "Gentlemen the math, IBM of any product, from concept to market at least a long period?." .
"Rarely speak a little, well, 4 years is required. ”。.
"But, as far as I know, from cow Long Sing to Apple Ⅱ, almost exactly the birth of two generations of micro-computers, grow to maturity with only 4 years time. 4 years later, we will become a microcomputer newborn antique collectibles. "talking, Louis excited," IBM's large institutions has become an obstacle to enter the micro-computer, we need to break the routine, secret by a small team, even if it was a 'garage group' it. children can do, how come I am sorry we do?. " .
The "well said," Cali laugh, he concluded as add "expect let IBM elephants jump kick treading on the dance, the audience is sure big turnoff. Microcomputer design projects of, well, external call ' checkers ', IBM to set up this crack down. I see that you are responsible for organization and implementation. ”。.
# 1 IBM hard by the fruit. .
Never thought, according to IBM CEO John · oupei (John Opel) signed documents, Louis was obliging a month doing prototyping. "This is what I experienced the worst thing that has happened," Louis sadly said that "time was terrible!" but he was very clear that IBM has been on the microcomputer craving is imminent. He carefully selected 13 competent staff, including eight engineers and five marketing people, constituting the "checkers" project group. This group of leaders from Jack · semmes (Jack Sams) has to offer.
July 1980 "Checkers" secret project team to Florida. Southernmost city of Miami in the United States near the town of Boke Luo Dayton, IBM has a research and development center. Engineers in the "Checkers" in the board expanded store-opening, under the first Zhaoqi is wondering, "Apple" legendary experiences for the IBM microcomputer to find the next breakthrough. "Big Blue" bow to the "garage companies" to learn, this is something unprecedented in the history of the computer business. .
Re-read, SAMES hair from Apple points gained important inspiration. First, you must rely on the strength of the independent software companies to encourage them to IBM future micro-computer application software, like the Apple II computer was VisiCalc spreadsheet software so popular; the second is to design the relative openness of the machine structure, many manufacturers have to display their talent and the interface with a different function to the expansion card, the new mini-computer zhongxingpengyue heralding.
To achieve the first requirement, Semmes far behind, personally flew to the United States from the northwest corner of Benton Bo Keluo Seattle, looking for collaborative software company. After several twists and turns, and finally concluded with Bill Gates, "signed an agreement below," not only to IBM's new computer was a superior performance MS-DOS operating system, and makes Microsoft fame. .
Soon afterwards, Louis from Croton town back one pilot PC prototype that uses Intel's 8-bit microprocessor 8085A as heart, and even the operating system does not, however, expressed the Group's 13 a creative ideas: IBM personal computers can also use the other companies of the components to assemble, in order to achieve its openness. Cali and looked after oupei-a departure from the traditional approach was very satisfied with the "checkers" project officially started.
Apple of course to learn is necessary. Ironically, even the name of IBM micro-computer, "Checkers" project team "bookish" engineers also want to "mere copycat." Jobs to your computer named "Apple" is in honor of his early years working in the apple orchard special experience. "Apple" brand that are difficult to remember than the machine difficult to understand symbols, allowing users to feel at home. This great success of the naming to "Checkers" task force take the hint, even blind faith to believe that IBM's microcomputer must also be a kind of "fruit."The good news is that Florida is rich in various kinds of fruit, thus, they open the refrigerator over looking, pineapple, peaches, grapes, bananas have been seen, did not find a suitable blue giant "taste" of fruit. Finally had to give up, decided to use one of the most popular name — PC (Personal computer), or PC, to distinguish them from IBM for large, medium and small computer.
October 1980, PC computer technology the burden fell on the total design Aisiteqi (D. Estridge) shoulder, to achieve the second requirement that the design of open architecture, naturally became the main objective of Aisiteqi chase. .
Este Beach, full of vitality. This person on microcomputers are followers, who had his own pocket bought a Mac in the atmosphere at IBM, is the "excess" of the Act. Esther again is a gifted leader, he not only requires coordination group and 13 "checkers" plan other auxiliary staff (it is said that IBM later for PC input into the development work force for a total of up to 450 people), but also face other IBM senior policy makers in a variety of questions, and to persuade them to support this you can contact the outside world design. As the Macintosh used Motorola's 8-bit chip, 6502, IBM must choose to go beyond Apple's 16-bit chips. In order to reduce costs, Aisiteqi finalize the development of Intel's latest 8088, the internal 16-bit while the external one just send 8-bit microprocessor. As a result, Intel will get its biggest orders in the future, and has set up a "special customer department" specializing in IBM PC machine. .
In the IBM internal, then take the honorific title of "Este odd PC machine of a parent". Unfortunately, four years later, the father of the "PC" take flight by Typhoon crashes, Esther odd results, failed to see his great brilliance.
# 1, 3, PC machine swept past birth. .
Don't wait until the Lombardy hole newspaper reporters smell or odor, a one-year period ending soon. In 1981, 12 August, IBM announced IBM PC, Johnny. From then on, one for personal use by allowing micro-computers, came into the world of Office and home and a new era — the personal computer era.
IBM PC's "heart" is a 4.77MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor, 16-bit computing much faster than the Apple Ⅱ type 8-bit machine. It is configured with 64KB memory, motherboard, peripherals have a monitor, keyboard, and a 5.25-inch floppy disk machine, use the single 160KB floppy disk; another five slots to expand memory capacity, as well as for external device adapter cards; stored in the disk from the MS-DOS operating system command operations, both flexible and convenient.IBM PC might get past a large room with all equipment all move to personal study, put on your desk. If you complete the purchase of a monochrome monitor, it's all the price is only $ 1500.
People in private speculation, this time, "Big Blue" release of "Blue Wizard." One in 150 countries and employs as many as 25 million Giant Group, magically become worse than "Apple" are still very small. IBM advertisements also cleverly using Chaplin's "little tramp" image, wearing garden flattery, dressed in pants, funny, cute frequently appear again on television, hands dancing with personal computers, said that everyone have to use it. PC, can even assemble joystick, kids can play with it "table tennis" or "space supremacy." .
American newspaper company in alarm: "not the same as it is not the same, IBM did not!" hidebound by IBM Corporation in the personal computer completely broke the correctness of the tradition. The Wall Street Journal commented: IBM strode across into the microcomputer market, blue giant is expected to be within two years, won the leadership in emerging markets.
As if to verify whether the predictions come true, market research data continuously came good news:. .
In 1982, the IBM PC sold 25 million to 2 million units per month speed fast approaching an "Apple".
May 8, 1983, IBM has introduced a modified PC, IBM PC / XT, an increase of the hard disk device, then on the market share of over 76%, one stroke off the mini to Apple Computer's dominant throne. .
In 1984, 14 August, IBM is also a kind of "advanced technology" IBM PC/AT machine into the user's arms, AT machine development continued "checkers" plan secret tradition and is named "salmon" (Salmon) program, as well as some people say that a prototype of the closet AT as "fish tank". The IBM machine adopts Intel Corporation AT the recent development of microprocessor chip, 80286 manage up 16M memory, and can perform multiple tasks simultaneously. From then on, the start of the so-called PC 286, 386, 486 ... relay race.
IBM personal computer in the surprise lies in the so-called "open." Aisiteqi design department of foreign claims on behalf of, all the technical documents they will all open, warm welcome Uncooperative separate ways to join the ranks of the development of personal computers, but also welcome the outside world to discuss PC-software development. IBM's intention is to move the IBM PC, through a standard personal computer, I did not expect, all over the world who have the ability of the electronics manufacturers compete Transferring simulated PC personal computer, copy them into the product to compete with the IBM personal computer The "compatible." .
Follow the PC personal computer are two small company, a company is to provide Intel microprocessor chip, another is to provide the Microsoft MS-DOS, "one who gains fame overnight," IBM PC like a hulking ship, microprocessors and MS-DOS "piggyback" PC voyage, since it is a bright future, and freer. To the late 1980s, Intel Corporation has a microprocessor chip market 70 per cent of employees from more than 100 people drastically to more than 2 million, the annual income up to $ 3 billion. The Bill Gates of Microsoft, only the 1986 turnover of more than 6 million U.S. dollars, half of which comes from MS-DOS operating system software. To the end of 1989, MS-DOS software sold 30 million units is huge. .
Blue giant driving PC, ship waves, using the "Blitzkrieg" quick dial down the PC. However, even in its most of the limelight in the 1980s, has left in the shadow of defeat. In 1983, IBM has produced a cheaper low-end PC, named PCjr and lovingly put it whimsically "peanuts" (Peanut), trying to help it complete the "Apple" or kill them. But, against all expectations, the performance of the "peanut" disappointing. IBM it finally did improve after finally stopped in 1985 year "peanut" production. Apple and compatible in many vendors lining up watching every move of the situation, IBM, IBM PC in the future of the voyage not calm. .
# 1 Fourth, LISA failure.
PC machine, turned out to upset the apple's position, Jobs was particularly uneasy, and quickly sent to the market, buy one. After the disintegration of careful observation, only then heart back into the stomach - PC computer had no great ideas. In the eyes of Steve Jobs, IBM's personal computer is only a patchwork of outdated products. He had full grasp, as long as the new models onto the market as soon as possible, must be captured to win back the "beachhead." .
Thus, in October 1981, Apple in the Wall Street Journal published a full page of advertising seems to a personal computer "big brother" in the manner of the GT with IBM's entry:.
"IBM, we are seriously to welcome you!..
(You're welcome to enter the PC since 35 years since the invention of the computer the most exciting is the most important market.
Father) On your first successful birth of personal computers! . ".
November 1981, Apple in order to counter offensive PC, Skype's new computer "Apple Ⅲ" hastily thrown onto the market. A p p l e Ⅲ mounted hard drives, adding memory, and also adds some new features. However, when the first instalment of A p p l e ⅲ selling computer arrived, there are many shops that can not be used, even the chips also from the main circuit board. Use the company's employees own words, "No. 3, Apple" tragically abortion, like ancient jokes, said, we wanted to give birth to a "camel", but fathers "donkey".
Jobs himself in the room trying to think, to defeat IBM, "Apple" to acquire more interest in the "killer." His mind constantly emerging out of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) to see the scene, "a graphical user interface" (GUI) that he touches a new concept, so trying from PARC "dug" to a for technical backbone to form the GUI of Apple's personal computer to the new team. .
The development team from PARC's di Kessler (L.Tesler), romolo (T.Malioy) and other experts, Steve Jobs also to his loving daughter Lisa (Lisa) name to the new machine, named themselves the helm of Lisa Shuaiyin Panel. At that time, Apple's Steve Jobs CEO Scott on whether "command set" puzzled, use the "veto" the Chairman Steve jobs in his beloved "Lisa" door, head of the appointment to the essayist from HP "Apple" Kuchma (J.Couch). Jobs really is mad, he roared like thunder against Scott. Scott Thunder overawed by Jobs, Helpless against him come up with an expedient. Jobs said he: "Well, you can re-Gao Ge projects, and Lisa fight a level of computer?" "Yes, of course, OK!" Jobs excited and shouted, "I am responsible for this event, will rush in 'Lisa' before done!. " .
Time was in 1981, Apple's two new computer project at the same time. Kuchma and his team of Lisa about 300 engineers and programmers, in a style very special building undertakes development of night and day. Steve Jobs did not want the same number of staff, at the beginning, only 15 engineers, in addition to from Xerox "dig" over the Ruskin (J.Raskin) et al., other people have nothing to do with his age, the entire group of "kids". He personally with the presence of a small team of people from the corporate headquarters of about half a kilometer of an apartment. Until finally, his team, together with sales, finance staff, but also including about 100 people. .
Two teams race each other than with the dry for more than a year. In January 1983, Lisa computer first victory. It seems that there is power in numbers also has its advantages, Steve Jobs willingly throw in the towel.
In order to develop Lisa computer, Apple put as many as 50 million U.S. dollars. It that "she" is Apple's graphical user interface, the first machine, "she" is also the first time, the mouse, it is amazing. To this end, Steve Jobs proudly announced that: launch of "Lisa" on this day marks the beginning of the software revolution. .
However, in "Lisa" 's sales strategy, Apple has made a big mistake, thousand-dollar price tag is prohibitive for most users. It is expected that sells 5 million units of the basic objectives, insufficient number also sold 2 million units. "Lisa" by the end of that year, Apple's light has finally been obscured behind IBM PC. Just a few months, the company's stock price dropped from continuous per share is $ 63 to $ 23 straight, but also knows the situation continues to multiply.
Perhaps the company's operations and poor sales, only leads to "Apple" can not withstand the attack of the results of IBM. This year the board decided to cross "will worship", and Pepsi's vice president of "digging" to "Apple", Prays Hope that a new president, Mr. Schooley (J. Scully) Help Jobs to another a new computer to market, repeated a "Pepsi" overcome "Coca Cola" commercial war "Magic", the rapid containment of the momentum expansion of IBM PC computer. .
# 1 v. Mac retaliate.
Scully took over the "Apple" coach, almost every day and talk for hours with Steve Jobs, They control this "God talk" is called "brain shift" - Steve Jobs's computer knowledge to be transferred to Sri Lanka Cooley, sales ideas to Schooley transferred to Jobs. Kan, most frequently, of course, Jobs is still fighting the new machine group. .
Steve Jobs hire is a group of dedication of the youth, they should hang in the research group has a pirate flag, affirm their "modern pirate" to Apple all the new ideas had "destroyed." Steve jobs is their head, and that their "buddies", the lead late in the night. He intended to improve morale, to group bought expensive audio, ordered all the new listing of pop singing bowls, workshop is always full of passionate music. Dry for a while, he also leads us to play a piano, playing billiard, play video games.
The new computer to debug the final test phase, has not his name. It was suggested that, in order to "Apple" and maintain "family" and "blood ties", a computer should be called "Red Apple", transliterated "Mojintuoshen" (Mcintosh), Jobs nodded readily recognized. Can be done when the signs returned, he found the "red apple" was actually misspelled the word, written as "Macintosh" (Macintosh), by adding an extra a, the least bit of difference, loss of a thousand miles, "Mai Jintuo What "meaning" trench coat. " Advertising mark has been registered, no time to recover.Apple's new Macintosh computer has become a bad bargain ", hereinafter referred to as" Mac ". Steve Jobs ordered, the Mac computer design group promoter name inscribed on every machine, let them heroes and "rainwear" last, stamped. At the same time, it's shell sealed and patch what Board, he did not want to follow the IBM PC's "open" strategy.
Mac computer with 32-bit Motorola 68000 microprocessor chip, memory, 128KB, much faster than the IBM PC machine. It has self-contained operating system, unique, determined not compatible with IBM. It was the first mass-based graphical user platform, ahead of other brands of personal computers at that time. It is short and compact form, the system can be put away in bags. Its function to the Lisa computer 7 / 10 the price is only the 1 / 5 price 2795 U.S. dollars, for the mass purchasing power.It gradually developed into a series of products, from lowest to highest, for different users to choose. Even Bill Gates · have expressed: "IBM PC Mac and PC is the only one worth their writing software for the two machines." Later, Microsoft Windows or Mac directly inherited the creative graphical user platform.
Is the time for Scully to show their talents. He was against all the odds, at the cost of spending 1.6 million, asked people to take a name "1984" ad blockbuster, and bought the broadcast rights for the Super Cup for 60 seconds, release to the world, "Macintosh whirlwind. " .
Thus, the United States and around the world with nearly 50 million viewers to see the screen shot of the people: a group of face haggard transfixed, trooped to the black and white TV, watch the screen a blue suit of serious guy. Suddenly, one dressed in white and Red Jersey Mac shorts blue eyes blonde jump out of her holding a sledgehammer to smash TV, along with the screen, it seemed to come from in hypnosis. A soft voice he said to them: "January 24, Apple will launch a Macintosh computer, 1984, will no longer be the 1984 law!".
January 24, 1984, Schooley to Jobs, please podium. Jobs put on trim of the suit, coupled with red bow tie, uncharacteristically casual demonstration of the "gentleman." "It is 1984," Jobs said in mock "wanted to eat the whole market is clearly IBM, IBM to gun aimed at the personal computer industry --- the last obstacle to Apple. Gentlemen, Big Blue can do to you? "the audience shouted in unison:" No! not! "At this time, Steve Jobs went to a bag next to unzip, took out a computer," Today, we want your Mac words "。.
Audience quieted down, just listen to that Mac, like people's voice is really sent: "Hello, I am Macintosh! I am not accustomed to public speech. But I must remind you, 10 million Do not believe a you can not put onto the computer! "in the round of applause from the audience, Jobs tears from the rostrum, he Scully said:" Mackintosh is now a real product of the . " .
Schooley crafted business did not let Apple disappointed: hundred days later, Macintosh computer sales reached 7 million units; to the end of 1984, the cumulative quantity is sold 27 million units. Apple is investing US $ 20 million for the construction of a automatic production line, to an average of 27 seconds one Mac batch production speed. The macroclimate as IBM, they count on a Mac "ll", although that has not been able to retake the throne was top of the personal computer, but no surrender to the "blue giant".
Unfortunately, if the "Apple" to seize the IBM conservative and Windows unborn good time, raised the "open" banner massive attack PC world, this could turn around again. However, the "apple" can be firmly rejected by other companies manufacture compatible computer running Mac software, adhere to Macintosh "not open" strategy, and finally stand and give up this golden opportunity. .
# 1-6, the sudden emergence of Compaq.
IBM PC, the "open" strategy, as if sharp edged "sword," one side to the peak of his success brought the one hand, it created a large number of imitators. IBM "Yanghuweihuan", which support up compatible manufacturers, in turn, now a real threat to its dominance. .
Faced with the constant "nibble" compatible market crisis IBM authorities flatly ask other companies to pay royalties to technical people and sending you money. Helpless "blue giant" bitter experience, the introduction of the so-called "micro channel architecture (MCA) bus", the new technology to enable development of new computer after IBM PS/2, not the original PC computer using ISA bus compatible. In this way, to PC computer "open" strategy of profitable, IBM's own heavily closed the door to the "open", thus losing the alone command this industry qualification.
Compatible manufacturers more willing to continue the only IBM's lead. April 1987, IBM announced on IBM PS / 2 on the same day, the composition of the nine compatible manufacturers "vertical Legion", announced a joint adoption of a new 32-bit EISA bus standard, and IBM officially break rival. EISA bus, the biggest feature is compatible with the ISA bus, ISA boards can be directly inserted in its use. "Balancing Corps" and veterans, was the first to develop a PC compatible's Compaq (Compaq). .
In February 1982, Houston, Texas in the United States a pie shop big desk, three of them being whispered discussions from their serious look, it seems that what significant event will take place. After a while, the three of them at the same time, you will get a sum of money to me at the table and began painting on paper, a plan to gradually have straightened out, a relationship to the future fate of plan to gradually maturing. On this day, Texas Instruments (TI) engineers Kang Nien (R. Canion), Stimac (G. Stimac) and Barres (H. Barnes) decided to resign from office of senior positions in the original, independent business. They draw a sketch on paper in the table is the new company's first prototype of a portable PC machines. After discussion. The three decided to start as per 1000 U.S. dollars equity investment, Compaq company was born in this table before the pie shop. .
November 1982, Compaq Computer Corporation officially launched this named Compaq Portable laptop, IBMPC machine available only for more than a year later. This kind of machine sewing machine, although the shape is not lightweight weight, you need an external power supply, but it can run all IBM PC development software. Because Connie Yan CEO with special emphasis on PC computer "100%" compatibility, enabling it to become a testing PC compatibility benchmarks, that were sold within 53000 units sales reached a record $ 1. This is where the family PC, IBM developed the first non-PC compatible. It can be said is opened Compaq IBM PC compatible machine off the siege. May 1983, with a hard drive IBM PC / XT came; the same year in autumn, developed with Compaq on the Compaq Plus laptop hard drive. August 1984, IBM announced the PC / AT machine was born, Compaq immediate follow-up to more "sophisticated" the Compact-type 286 computer greatly respected. At every step, pressing harder and harder, Kang Nien Shuaidui and "Big Blue" than on the strength. .
In 1986, heroes, descending from the opportunities of Compaq products.
Opportunities from the first launch of Intel's 386 microprocessor. The new chip integrates 27 million transistors, more than 286 double, to achieve the full 32-bit operation, address space to 4GB. Unexpectedly, when Intel, IBM salesman and excitedly ran to inform the good news when, actually ate the "cold shoulder." .
"We only 286 to hurry, no need for your 386. "IBM's representative, said that give Intel a confused.
There may be available from Microsoft on this delicate question. Bill Gates was just as IBM's PS / 2 machine to develop new operating system, OS / 2, strongly advocated it quickly escalated into a 32-bit version, relying on the 386 chip, software development. However, in the "Checkers" project for IBM contributions towards the Bierluyi, but do not Bill Gates's advice to heart. Louis makes his reason, it has repeatedly said on the Gates: IBM has received a large number of orders for 286 machines can not be immediately turned to 386, or they will lose a large number of customers.However, he did not reveal the real reason: IBM for Intel chip suppress already impatient, is gathered people, develop their own processor; at the same time, it is afraid of the development of 386 PCs will jeopardize the company's large computer business.
Ambiguous attitude IBM, Compaq should of course seize the opportunity. .
September 1986, Compaq, for the first time, leading to the IBM launched the personal computer Deskpro 386 desktop PC, the whole world to vibration. Subsequently, the two leading IBM-compatible personal computer manufacturing companies keep up with the trend of the 386. In the PC "arena" for the first time after the "absent", until 1987, IBM 386 computers is overdue. Look around the market, "the blue giant" to be done.
Compaq is a further development of the legendary story of a band. In addition to nearly dismissed from their posts in 1991, the turnover of its 4.1 billion U.S. dollars in 1992, 1993, 7.2 billion U.S. dollars, up 10.9 billion U.S. dollars in 1994. In 1994, the Compaq machines in the global PC market put volume of 483 million, for the first time more than IBM (424 million), boarded a PC computer in one fell swoop throne. . .
# 1-7, Acer Dragon dream come true.
Followed by Compaq, IBM introduced a second ahead of 386 personal computers, is China Taiwan's Acer. .
People are already familiar with Acer's name, its English name and the well-known computer brands-Acer, which marks the vitality, also marks an outstanding. Acer's "radical" and "Chess" go on, like the Acer Group Chairman Shih, vehemence line "macro" global PC computer "Chess" warfare, under a plate and a disk shocks good move, descendants of the Dragon and strive to create world-class Chinese dream.
It has been said, into IBM compatible personal computer production ranks, is the Kingdom of Acer computers start building today. For this discussion, Shih always patiently explained that the macro as early as 1981, entered the personal computer industry. The early years by helping her mother to buy a living duck industrialist, in 1976, and friends, relying on a patchwork of 2 5 million U.S. dollars was founded Acer, after the frustrations.He led the development of employees, Acer "Tianlong Chinese computer" Chinese character input method "and" vector group Word output method, "to break through the bottleneck in the processing of Chinese computer; thereafter, the Acer" little professors "series of computer-based learning machines, has aroused widespread interest. Acer does should be regarded as a pioneer of the personal computer manufacturer.
However, Shih also stressed that: Since the development and production of IBM PC compatible before making Acer "further into the mainstream PC market." Acer was the rapid rise, everyone benefitted. .
Since its inception, since he felt the largest shock, 1982 in Las Vegas Comdex show what on the computer. When he entered the venue, and hear people everywhere in the tradition of "compatible". Look around the lobby, the IBM personal computer, you can turn a blind eye to the visitors seem to gravitate to Compaq's booth, and Compaq's first PC-compatible besieged, because Compaq publicly stated: it can perform IBM PC on all the application software. For personal computer "compatible" to gain a better understanding of the importance of their own skin ". He presided over the development of "Dragon in Chinese computer" because the computer is not compatible with the other, there is no software available, was finally out of the market; and then the masters of the macro products "Little Professor II", also because they can not use Apple computers have a lot of software, sales prospects at risk. .
Return to Taiwan, since in my mind is still full of people were screaming on a compatible computer, Compaq's success for also firmed up, he joined the ranks of a compatible PC. Since then, the Acer gradually product focus shifted to the development of PC-compatible way.
"Art of War" said: "the army attack plan," players on one by one and all linked together. The end of 1984, Shih called a macro research and development sector elite troops, sending them into a journey to the United States in Silicon Valley. The team total of six troops, led by the Johnny Shih, the task is familiar with Intel's microprocessors and research. Johnny Shih, and Shih, like, the same engineer graduated from Jiaotong University in Taiwan, Acer his early development, "Dragon" computer hero.Shi Chong-Tong and other Acer engineers in Silicon Valley for almost a year, there is an extensive collection of Intel Aeschylus 80386 chip information, almost confined to delve into the 32-bit microprocessor technology.
Johnny Shih, who fail in their mission return to Taiwan. Development 386 Shih immediately issued an order of personal computers, also participated in the developer of the Blue Ray Yuan, Liu Ruyong, Liaomin Xiong et al. At that time, assemble a personal computer in addition to a CPU chip, you also need when dozens of different function using integrate circuit Peige in the market to buy Dao chip components that can only come Zhuangpei 286 Diannao portfolio level, 32 Computer chip technology is still a desert. Acer is on the Pioneer, PC386 computer engineering is an extremely difficult course. .
October 1986, Acer's first 386 PC market, only the Compaq PC386 late for one month. Stan Shih excitedly said: this is not only the glory of China and Taiwan, more Asian countries in the personal computer in the history of the struggle for a sigh of relief!.
In this year, Acer published in major newspapers and the ads, eye-catching title is "Dragon dream come true, just around the corner!" Meanwhile, Shih staff to Acer announced his "Dragon Decade" development plan, China of this dragon to the surface, face the personal computer's "Big Mac." .
Ten-year span. In 1995, to gain a better understanding of the Acer has ranked the world's personal computer manufacturer, Acer has also become one of the most internationally well-known Taiwan enterprise flag. In 1996, I have also been set up to serve as United States BusinessWeek named "world's most outstanding 25 entrepreneur". However, shopping malls such as battlefield, Stan Shih eyes still in the PC World War. "My prediction, entered the top ten means you survive and enter the top five, it means that you may win. "He would say. He has the Acer computer company's "next Zhao Qi", set among the top five of the next century the world's PC strategy. .
# 1-8, the "double" competing to claim.
History is so similar, like IBM 386 computer on standstill as lost opportunities, followed, Compaq is also developing on a 486 computer or had a stagger. .
April 1989, Intel officially released the 486 chip, "4: 3 good" campaign polls. 4 really is better than 3? "Po" & RISC architecture will not be smarter? Compaq Corporation President Connie en indecisive. He was the leader of the Compaq 386, the first to introduce a computer, that smug to think "exceptional value" 386 computer "hanging" up sell, the higher the prices rise, is to set out road rumblings. In 1991, when Compaq is still in the "4 and 3, what good or bad, this is a problem" when the cyclone 486 has a computer, "loss-making enterprises" button in the Compaq Red Hat first head, Connie Mr. Yan has also been dragged into the President, therefore the "throne." .
Fortunately, the Board of Directors recommended a Compaq Philip Buddha (E.Pfeiffer) becomes President of the new President. In rectifying management to reduce costs, Compaq 486 computer company put into the market, the price of a hurricane blows bursts, to regain a competitive advantage. However, God can never have a preference for Compaq?.
Dell (M. Dell), 1991 年 10 the month of his "devil's computer sales," the reputation as the "Fortune" magazine listed the nation's 500 largest enterprises when the youngest president, only 25 years old. .
Ancient heroes. People opened his resume was surprised to find: a 12-year-old boy who had Texas Government-issued business license. High school, he placed advertisements in magazines, with the sale of stamps earned 2000 dollars and bought back the first personal computer. Subsequently, he also put near the newlyweds Directory computer for newspaper collection new Subscriber marketing means earned back to a multiplication of "BMW" car.
Also University of Texas students, the Dell suddenly raised his parents founded the company intends to drop out. "You're going to offer the type of company?" As a dentist's father asked, surprised. Dell's answer to his father staring eyes, big mouth open: "I want to compete with IBM!" At the moment Dell just turned 18 years old, young, and his pocket only Chuaizhao 1000 U.S. dollars registered capital. .
In 1984, the u.s. company listed in Dell-Austin, General Manager of the clan only employ a responsible financial staff. Young people's ideas is actually very simple: IBM provides dealer monthly must extract a certain amount of computers, regardless of whether you can sell it. Del said can be used cost doorstep enlisting those who do not have to sell a computer dealer why? who knows cute guy moved home computer, with some parts that enhances PC performance. Then, in order to price direct to the people he improved by the IBM PC, greatly welcomed by the users in the first month's turnover will break through the 18 million a year actually sold more than 1,000 machines. .
Business expanded company changed the traditional PC sales to face up to the end user's phone, direct mail to the US market and a great shock. Overall commitment, 24-hour hotline service, global networking day on-site maintenance ... del sneaky way of new tricks. He said: "If you think your idea is good, why not try?" to the University, she graduated from the company's turnover has del as high as $ 70 million. He ordered to stop the practice of IBM computer modifications, to design, develop, and sell your own personal computer.
1989, 486 The advent of microprocessors to Dell on board a big step. Compaq hesitant in the period, Dell Inc. did not hesitate for a minute, almost simultaneous launch a marketing campaign with Intel, Dell 486 computer users rush. .
By coincidence. Another also with "er" company Nigel de · Bell (Packard Bell) or to a model of direct marketing is Olde, from retail computer-following on the road, quickly rising into the battlefield. "Nigel de · Bell" was a TV brand, a Jewish buy, relying on the original sales TV channels selling personal computers were not equipped with a wealth of software, and the price is cheaper than similar computer 20% to 30%, thus sparking a global distribution of the personal computer industry. Especially the "Pentium" processor chips running, Bai German companies to seize the ever-changing market opportunities, bold to the "treasure" charge in the Pentium computer. In the "5 better than 4" of praise, the Pak German companies "Pentium" and the rapid capture of a new generation of personal computer market, "bridgehead." If you see only from the sales of Pentium computers, Bai Germany has in PC computers dominate the global market, came out top. .
"Good wind, by virtue of the power on." Packard Bell with Dell and 486 and Pentium chip power, release the "double-effect", to quote. From 1993 to 1995, the "double," the company has successively into the global PC 5...
# 1 9, dominance confusing. .
In the face of the del and Nigel de · Bell computer rookie shengzhang "blue giant" which would have thought that it ignited PC computer game of war, should be on their own so relentless: the end of 1991, IBM's financial reports displayed come from the 40 's for the first time since 1992 year deficit; the amount of $ 5 billion has been set, it's shareholders. While the PC "Doyenne" Apple, after Steve jobs to step down, Schooley resigned, and a series of changes, struggling to the beginning of 1993 also mess up, only when the first quarterly loss of $ 2 billion. Had the "battlefield," analyst commented: IBM and Apple has encountered a minefield, do not innovation will be blown to pieces. .
Boy, at heartbreak. IBM and Ap ple, both being compatible manufacturers "cool" aside "the outcast", where all the "unusual" in mind. Each former rivals, after 10 years of fierce market competition, the competition in the common adversary situations of hostility and finally eliminated dramatically Baida.
July 1991, IBM and Apple way or another Motorola (Motorola), jointly signed a technical cooperation agreement to jointly develop a new generation of Power PC chip personal computer systems. Troika composed of "Power Lien Legion", struck back to Intel, Microsoft, the mainstream of "Wintel Vertically Legion" attack again.Critics think, from a tactical perspective, IBM PC and Apple Mac computers are incompatible with each other, forming an alliance with IBM to all that trouble, Apple is well versed in China's warring political strategists has his "relying on" tactics.
Power PC has been translated as "power PC", which uses RISC (reduced instruction set computer) rapid technological, inherited the IBM workstation operating system compatibility. "Lien Corps," the spokesman declared, "might" represent a major breakthrough in personal computer technology, its success will make the computer revolution eclipsed 80. .
However, the Association after two computers "powerhouse," life, to the 90s PC battle over the prospect of heavy fog.
IBM's financial situation continued to decline. In closing a large number of factories, lay off employees, it had once appeared in the financial deficit of 8.9 billion, stock prices fell to historic lows. March 1993, IBM decided to follow the board early as cross-Jobs "Bai Shuai", the largest U.S. tobacco company manager food, 51-year-old Gerstner (Gerstner) elected as CEO, drastic implementation of reform . By the personal computer in the field of "outsider" as the world's largest computer company, the leader, given IBM a complete break with the traditional opportunity.Guoshina even announced the cancellation of employee wearing a blue suit, a "blue giant" gaidan tone, showing a rainbow of color. In 1995, the "rejuvenation" guoshina had not only spending heavily to conquer "Lotus" (Lotus), and makes the company an IBM stock price goes. In 1996, IBM is the male lion reproduce past woke up together, revenues 770 million, that figure was Microsoft Corporation's income. The last recession of the PC business sales increased by 25 per cent too.
Apple's status can not quite wonderful. Spindler (Spindler) took over the CEO post, to develop new methods of product, "Apple" once some turning point. Apple even announced to be "open" Mac, Macintosh 18 years since the end of history closed. Who knows good thing is, the beginning of 1996, angry shareholders in the "hang Spindler," shouted, Apple substantial losses were almost fell into the Sun, a "swallow" out of the tragic stage.5 February, Apple's new President and Chief Executive Officer of ameglio (Amelio) took power, the former head of National Semiconductor Corporation, said: "I have a dream, we must take on Apple's mission, the same fate. "It sounds a bit" cold wind whistling 兮 yishui heroic. " Half a year later, ameglio finally relieved that he in August on the news media is pleased to claim: "Apple's existence was no longer a problem. "Sure enough, the fourth-quarter revenue and expenditure shows the company has entered the recovery phase, 25 million U.S. dollars of profit made on the Meishao Amelio Hi, Le Diandian to fly to China to visit Beijing University Founder. 1996 end of the year, Apple You Yi 400 million U.S. dollars officially acquired NeXT, welcome back to the battles alone, more than ten years out Jobs..
Smoke billowed from PC battle to the end of 1995, the Dukes of scheduled seats. In the global PC computer total amount 5970 million units, Compaq exclusive top 10 per cent still; IBM to 8 per cent of prospect for the second; Apple is still a 78 per cent of the share of suspense in the third column. The fourth and fifth respectively, Packard Bell and Japan's NEC, market share 5.3 and 4.8%. But then came the news that in 1996, "ranks the fourth" and "Five" was actually announced in the June merger of PC computer business, the formation of a new 8.0 billion annual revenue company --- Packard Bell NEC Inc., the President is, Nigel de the company's head of Alagemu (Alagem). This is a "balancing Corps" within the portfolio, "Lien" action. Of you can, "ranks the fourth" and "Five" of the market simply add a plus, "balancing" plus "Lien" The purpose of the all too clear. .
To 1996, the situation does not occur in a dramatic reversal. The annual growth in global PC puts total 178 per cent, reaching 7090 million units. The "stable" Compaq (10 percent); IBM and Apple's share dropped a liter, 8.6 and 5.2 percent; and "strategic" Packard-NEC really more than Apple was "old" 6.1 percent share, but with the same share of the total, as compared to the clearly in a landslide.
(96-07) PC and related fields, the main outlines:. .
1996: Quake, Civilization 2, Command & Conquer-Red Alert, and a series of famous games publishing.
January 1996: Netscape Navigator 2. .0 Release, the first browser that supports JavaScript. .
In January 1996, release 4 day: Intel's Pentium 150-166MHz, integrated processor 330 million transistors.
1996: Windows '95 OSR2 release, fixes some of the BUG, expanded function. .
1997: Gr and Theft Auto, Quake 2, Blade Runner, etc. known games, 3D graphics accelerator card..
January 8, 1997: Intel released Pentium MMX. Gaming and multimedia functions were enhanced. .
April 1997: IBM's deep blue (Deep Blue) computer, the fight against the human world chess champion ksparov.
May 7, 1997: Intel released Pentium II, an increase of more instructions and more CACHE. .
2 June 1997: Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz is published.
16, 1997: Apple encountered serious financial crisis, Microsoft extended a helping hand, injection of 1. .5 Billion. The condition that Apple withdraw its complaint: Microsoft Windows interface, copy its prosecution, and that Apple is also the imitation of the XEROX design. .
February 1998: Intel Pentium II 333 MHz released processors. Use 0. .25 micron technology, increase speed, reduce the heat.
June 25, 1998: Microsoft released Windows '98, some people attempt to dismember Microsoft, Microsoft struck back, saying it would harm U.S. national interests. .
Of 25 January 1999: Linux Kernel 2. .2. .0 release. Their hopes.
February 22, 1999: AMD has released K6-III 400MHz. A test that its performance over Intel P-III. Integrated 23 million transistors, socket 7 structure. .
26 February 1999, Intel Corporation has launched a P e t I n u m P Ⅲ processor, I e n t u m P Ⅲ adopted and e n t I u m Ⅱ same Slot1 schema, and increased with 70 new instruction SSE instruction set for enhanced 3D and multimedia processing. The original clock frequency is above the 450MHz bus speed in the above, using 0 100MHz. 25 μ m technology integrated with manufacturing, 512KB or more L2 cache.
April 26, 1999, prepared by students from Taiwan Chen Ying-hao CIH virus outbreaks worldwide, about 100 million computer hardware and software in varying degrees of damage, direct economic losses of billions of dollars. .
In May 1999, 10, id Soft launched a k Q u e Ⅲ "first test version, after that time, the Q u a k e Ⅲ" gradually established a FPS game competitive standards, and has become the computer hardware is one of the testing standards.
June 23, 1999, AMD introduced the use of a new architecture, called the Athlon processor, and CPU frequency for the first time exceeded the Intel Corporation, from beginning the end of the century the exciting frequency processor speed battle. .
1 September 1999, the company launched the Nvidia GeForce256 display chip and introduced the concept of the new GPU.
October 25, 1999, code-named Coppermine (copper) of the Pentium Ⅲ processor release. By 0. .18 Μm technology with integrated 256KB full-speed L2Cache, built-in 28 million transistors. .
1 January 2000, the world is waiting for, Oh, the Millennium bug did not explode. 17 February, the official release of Microsoft Windows2000.
March 16, 2000, AMD officially launched the company speeds up to 1GHz, "Athlon" processor, which opened a GHz processor war. .
2000 March 18, Intel Corporation has launched its own 1GHz Pentium3 processor. On the same day, a $ 50 billion of Iridium company declared bankruptcy, the company terminated its Iridium satellite phone service. The Pentagon finally won the right to use the Iridium, but uses an unknown so far.
April 27, 2000, AMD has released "Duron" (Duron) processor, Intel began to attack the low-end market. .
On 14 May 2000, entitled "I LOVE YOU" (love) of virus across the globe, with only three days to the world for nearly 45 million computers infected with economic losses of up to 26 billion.
September 14, 2000, Microsoft officially released for the home user version of windows 1000 Xi in Windows Me, while this is the last Microsoft operating system kernel based on 9X. .
2000 November 12, Microsoft Announces Slim PC Tablet PC.
November 20, 2000, Intel officially launched the Pentium4 processor. The new Netburst processor architecture, bus frequency reached 400MHz, and another increase of 144 new instructions for improved video, audio, multimedia and 3D graphics processing power. .
14 December 2000, the 3dfx announced all assets sold to rival Nvidia, thus ending its legendary history.
February 1, 2001, Sega announced its withdrawal from the game hardware market. .
26 March 2001, Apple released Mac OS X operating system, this is the Apple operating system since its inception in 1984, the first major point release.
June 19, 2001, Intel introduced its "Tualatin" (Tualatin) and Celeron processor core P3, which is first introduced Intel 0. .13 Micron process. .
8 October 2001, announced the launch of AMD Athlon XP processor series, the new processor core with a new, professional 3D Now! instruction set and the OPGA (organic pin array) packaging and marking of the "relative performance" (the nominal value of PR) specification, which is extremely good price/performance makes Intel pressure doubled.
October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP operating system, Bill. . Gates announced: "DOS era ends." Windows XP's release, also contributed to living in the global PC hardware market downturn. .
5 February 2002, Nvidia released GeForce 4 series graphics chips, the series is divided into two Ti and Mx series, GeForce4 Ti 4200 and GeForce 4 MX 440 two products in the market is becoming extremely model.
May 13, 2002, turning the long-established manufacturer of graphics chips officially released Matrox Parhelia-512 (Chinese name: Magic Day) graphics chip, which is the world's first 512bit GPU. .
17 July 2002, ATI Radeon 9700 graphics card was released, the graphics used to display the R300 core, and the first undisputed will Nvidia off the 3D properties of the Overlord's throne.
November 18, 2002, Nvidia released the GeForce FX, code-named NV30 graphics card, and use the product for the first time 0. .13 Micron manufacturing process, due to adopt a number of advanced technology, so the card is also known as an epoch-making product. .
Dated 7 January 2003, Intel announced a new mobile processing specification "Centrino".
February 10, 2003, AMD released the Athlon XP Barton core processors, although the introduction of a long period of time not recognized by the media, but with high cost performance and excellent overclocking ability, to create the ultimate Barton A DIYer out all memory of the Barton unlimited time. .
12 February 2003, FutureMark 3Dmark 03 official release, but this throws a crisis of confidence testing software.
Full Turn Intel 2004 PCI-Express. .
In 2005, the promotion of dual-core Intel CPU.
In 2006 Intel began to promote the four-core CPU. .
Intel IDF 2007 launch shocked the World Assembly of 2 trillion times 80-core CPU.
January 2007 Microsoft released Windows Vista (Windows 6). .
In the billowing smoke over the 20th century ushered in the 21 century PC market is increasingly uncertain from 00-08 market generally consists of five PC giant occupy.
1, HP. .
2. Dell.
3, Acer. .
4, Lenovo.
5, Toshiba. .
Since 2008 the outbreak of the global financial crisis and the butterfly effect PC sales decline in severe market share 5 firms were contracted.
1, HP. .
Global markets: shipments in 1490 million units, the market share of 19. .1%, an increase of 3. .5 percent.
North American market: the market share of 27. .5% (Ranked second), 3-year decrease. .4%. .
2. Dell.
Global Markets: shipments of 10.3 million units, the market share of 13. .2%, Year on year reduced by 5. .9%. .
The North American market: the market share of 28. .6 percent (# 1), year-over-year reduction .4% 16...
3, Acer. .
Global market: the volume of 960 million units, with a market share of .3% 12., an increase of 31. .1%.
North American market: the market share of 15. .2% (Ranked third), up 55. .4%. .
4, Lenovo.
Global Markets: shipments of 9.55 million units, the market share of 7. .1% Lower year on year 4. .5%. .
The North American market: the market share is not statistics.
5, Toshiba. .
Global market: the volume of 360 million units, with a market share of 4., an increase of 7% 20. .7 percent.
North American market: the market share of 5. .2% (Ranked fifth), an increase of 12%. .
Other brands:.
34 million units worldwide market market 43. .6% Lower year on year 4. .6%. .
In addition, Apple's market share in North America increased to 8%, an increase of 8%, ranking .3. fourth place.
These figures include personal computers, mobile PC and x86 server products. All data based on 2008 fourth quarter sales and fourth quarter of 2007 sales. .
And the corresponding is laptop market has grown rapidly price increases which can predict future market leading notebook PC market in the future will gradually replace desktop position as a market-driven.
The corresponding notebook market is growing rapidly progressive cost increase is envisaged the future of market-driven. .
